Argumentative Essay Patterns and Structure

Argumentative Essay Patterns and Structure Let our team of professionals take care of your paper for you! Introduction An argumentative essay is one of the most common type of essays in the academic world. It is conceivable that every student will be expected to write an argumentative essay at one point or another in their academic career. These essays are also written by professionals in different fields. To write a good argumentative essay, it is imperative for the writer to know the structure of the essay. Stuck on Your Argumentative Essay? Check out these example argumentative essays. Structure of an Argumentative Essay There can be no single structure that can fit all argumentative essay. Each essay has its purpose, and one should be careful to determine the audience of the essay in order to use the right language, pattern, and structure. There are, however, certain steps that must be taken when writing an argumentative essay. These measures lead to a situation whereby all argumentative essays have a generally the same structure. a. Introduction Like all other essays, argumentative essays start with introduction. The introductory part seeks to capture the interest of the reader. It is also important to give some background of the topic under consideration in the essay. Some topic specific information may be needed here; if for example the essay is about a movie, issues like the release date, director and theme of the movie are inserted here. This means that in writing an argumentative essay the writer is required to conduct thorough research of their topic. It should be noted that a reader is either attracted or put off by the introduction. Consequently, the introduction should capture the mind of the reader. b. Background This section is intended to keep the reader abreast with information concerning the topic of discussion. It is here that the writer mentions the writings that are instrumental in his or her argument. Other matters such as explanation of the theory underpinning the writer’s arguments. The writer also needs to explain the meaning of terms that are likely to appear repeatedly in the essay.One should not make an assumption that the reader knows certain terms. c. Supporting Paragraph A supporting paragraph is intended to provide proof for a claim in an argumentative essay. Like all proper paragraphs, this paragraph should have a topic sentence. In this context, the topic sentence is a statement of the argument the essay writer wants to prove. Since the topic sentence is just a statement, a writer may want to use the next sentence in the paragraph to break down the topic. The next agenda in the support paragraph is to present evidence to support the premise introduced in the topic sentence. To ensure that what the reader understands the evidence adduced, there should be an explanation provided for the evidence in this paragraph. Usually, explanation of evidence informs the reader on how they should interpret evidence. It also goes one to paint an explicit picture of how the evidence adduced supports the claim made at the topic sentence in the paragraph. This statement of how the evidence supports the topic does not necessarily have to be based on anything solid. I t could simply be the opinion of the author of the assay. The last sentence of the paragraph is the concluding sentence which in this case reiterates the claim made at the topic sentence. Paragraphs with this supporting structure should be written over and over until all the writers’ points for arguments are finished. d. Conclusion The intention is to sum up what has appeared in the essay. The write at this point restates the point of discussion, the evidence adduced in the writing and how that argument supports the writers claim. The conclusion should also give the way forward concerning the information that has been presented in the essay.

Technology and Nutrition Essays

Technology and Nutrition Essays Technology and Nutrition Essay Technology and Nutrition Essay Technology and Nutrition Name: Course: Date: Technology and Nutrition Analyze the impact a particular technological development on nutrition or eating habits. The changes in technology could be termed as traversing all aspects of society in that they play a significant role in making life easier. Sustainable development and nutrition are among significant transformations that have been facilitated by the rapid changes in technology. Such changes have been enabled healthier living using better nutrition approaches and diets. I n the developed world, it is evident that enhanced channels of means of communication are able to improve the health and wellbeing of a given population. The changes in technology have enabled the betterment of channels of gathering and subsequent dissemination of nutrition information. Literature indicates that the new channels of communication such as the computer-mediated channels such as independent computer applications and software, multimedia applications, interactive television sessions and on-line services. Such platforms are used widely in both developed and developing nations to provide the respective populations of such nations with the much-needed information. The new channels of computer communications are usually divided into two groupings, which are namely stand-alone applications and the on-line applications. Stand-alone applications are defined as applications, which do not rely on connections to technology-based products such as television, telephones, and satellites among others. This are considered as the most used applications for nutritional educational purposes. On the other hand, other channels such as online-based applications are gaining widespread use around the world because of the increased availability and accessibility of the internet and technology-based products enabling access to computer programs. The stand-alone applications are considered as having been designed to provide information to any interested parties. Given the varied storage devices, such programs are easily availed in the various storage devices such as CD-ROM disks, floppy disks and flash disks. Such programs have increased in number because of the enhancement in the awareness of the importance of nutrition to the lives of many people in the public domain. This allows for additional research based on the availed information on nutrition. Hence, additional information is essential for the public in their individual evaluations of nutritional value. Other nutrient based programs such as nutrient based recipes, which are accessible to the public for use (Guo, 2009). Online or linkage applications are usually considered the best means to reach a larger or wider part of the population with nutrition information. Cyberspace or the internet is currently one of the largest media and communication channels used by people in both developed and developing worlds for dissemination of information. Electronic mails are used as a means for basic communication in the modern world. This is currently used by nutrient experts around the world for information and idea exchanges. Emails are also used to engage in online discussion forums, which are logged in using electronic mail addresses. This enables communication of information and ideas. This has also enabled communication on an international level to understand the multiplicity in the field of nutrition hence ensuring that basic nutritional information is communicated to a larger part of the global population (Kennedy, Kennedy, Muth, 2012). Food and nutrition on-line based services are easily availed to the public because of the low costs of access to the internet as well as the associated costs of use of the internet. Numerous sources of information are usually availed in the form of websites about the various issues on health and nutrition. This is essential for the public because the information is usually availed at the touch of a button and relatively low costs of access and use of internet-based products such as computers. Electronic bulletin boards are defined as computerized systems that are usually used to give focus to specific issues or subjects with a specific target in mind. Such bulletins usually consist of information, which is up to date in respect to the current research on various topics of food, health, and nutrition, which is essential for the public. Other services available include computer conferencing, which enables individuals to interact with one another using videos, and internet connections and thus engage in interactive discussions, which may result in sharing of information and ideas relevant from improvements in the field of nutrition (Buzzard, Price, Warren, 1991). Some higher institutions of learning are also engaging in issue of lessons or programs from computers though the internet. Virtual learning is rapidly gaining worldwide acceptance. This has enabled nutritional experts to access knowledge and skills relevant for enhancing nutritional value in their lives as well as those of the public at relatively lower costs and with higher convenience. Additionally another vital issue is telemedicine, which is the e issue of medical services and the respective information to the public using online based platforms such as websites and online bulletins. This has enabled individuals to increase their awareness in relation to their levels of nutrition and subsequently observe health as well as accrue numerous benefits from the services issued by these online sites issuing health and nutritional information (Guo, 2009). Conclusively the changes or improvements in technology are paramount in enabling the issue of health services at relatively lower costs. Additionally the availability of information from online platforms has enabled increased awareness in the society in terms of observance of health and nutrition. This is essential as it increases the bailey of individuals to lead healthier lives as they have adequate information as tot the appropriate nutritional standards, which they should observe to ensure better health such as changes in lifestyles and the subsequent changes in diets for maximum benefits. References Buzzard, I. M., Price, K. S. Warren, R. A. (1991). Considerations for selecting nutrient calculation software: evaluation of nutrient database. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91(54): 7-9. Guo, M. (2009). Functional foods: Principles and technology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Kennedy, X. J., Kennedy, D. M., Muth, M. F. (2012). â€Å"Michael Pollan. The Cooking Animal† The Bedford Guide for College Writers with Reader, Research Manual, and Handbook. Colorado: University of Colorado.

Martin Luther King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Martin Luther King - Essay Example After developing this persuasive statement, King then proceeds into his rational argument concerning the significant steps of any peaceful campaign.   King’s examination of the reasons and essential disputes that are propelling the turbulence amid blacks and whites in Birmingham uses logos. â€Å"Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United State.† He uses such boundaries to reinforce his point of view. By utilizing logical argument that is well thought-out and chronological, King pleas to a cultured audience imagination and logic. Another occasion when Martin Luther King Jr. uses the technique of honestly dealing with his audience to present his refutation is manifest in the part of his letter's beginning. "You may well ask: Why direct action?"/isn't negotiation a better path?". For this case, Martin Luther King uses to appeal to logic as the key spine of his argument but infrequently intertwines pathos and intelligent word choice along th e logos. King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a grand piece of writing. Emotional strength of the letter is one of the aspects behind the success of this writing. In spite of the utilization of pigeonhole sentences, his message is clear and sensational. However, I feel that this letter was slightly verbose and florid as the same time. Also, I felt that the use of stereotyped letters somehow blithely weighed down a little on the overall message in the letter. In all, King has been capable of making it one of the most broadly read article.

Commerce Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commerce Education - Essay Example I think that Commerce assist form the foundations youthful people need to make sound decisions on monetary, commerce, legal and service issues because it supply practical knowledge, skills, sympathetic and values. Having information regarding these concepts and how to apply them is helpful for young adults to study early. "With changing times, the need to give young people a grip on money management has increased... More than a third of school students' work, and two-thirds of 15 to 19-year-olds earn up to $200 a week. Not all know how to handle that income" (Russell, 2004; Age). Furthermore, Commerce offers students with "and understanding of the relations between consumers, trade and governments in the in general economy" (Board of Studies, NSW, 2003). These are subjects that they may not unavoidably think regarding, even though they previously earning and spending currency. If we analyzed then we come to know that Consumer Affairs Victoria (CAV) conducted investigation last year to find out how customer education is taught in Australia and abroad in order to assist design a program to get better financial literacy amongst teenagers. "Young Australians stand for a $4 billion a year profitable market. Through more spending power then preceding generations, youthful children and adolescents are increasingly the target group for different forms of marketing practices and commercial pressures" (CAV, 2004). It is significant that adolescent adults are conscious of their rights and farm duties as consumers because they are previously purchasing products such as mobile phones and cars that frequently comprise multifaceted contracts. A key finding from the research was that lots of students do not take delivery of consumer education at school. I feel that Commerce education is generally delivering the right kind of educational experiences for the current generation. I do although agree that young adults would most definitely benefit if the curriculum added a more in-depth unit on financial literacy and consumer education. We are living in a constantly changing world and society must provide our children with education that will prepare them for a life of revelation. No doubt, this literature suggests that in the prospect "the curriculum will be justified in terms of its capacity to help children acquire skills for work and life" (Collins, 2002, pg 45). So the financial system and society of the future have to be taken into account when developing commerce prospectus. The main concepts urbanized in the Economy and society thread include: Civics and communal organization, Citizenship, Economic organization and decision-making, Employment,

Health promotion in mental health nursing Essay

Health promotion in mental health nursing - Essay Example s such as the UK, United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada where the neoliberal philosophy underlies government policies in the realm of political and social life (Donelan et al., 1999). Unfortunately, these policies result in the distinct trend towards privatization and weakening of health care systems. At the same time, the need for quality mental health care is steadily increasing. However, the economic trends, coupled with state budget cuts, and limited access to mental health providers in the community do not allow health care systems respond adequately. Emergency departments are swamped with people with mental health problems with nowhere to go; and the failure to treat those with serious mental health problems has resulted in incalculable cost, in terms of real dollars and human suffering, to the community and individuals (Gruskin & Dickens, 2006, p. 1904). The economic aspect is only one side of the coin: abundant criticism poured on the traditional intervention methods and models currently used in mental health care systems suggests that the time has come to search for alternative approaches. One of the available alternatives is the public health model that has already been tested in different environments, but has not yet received universal acclaim. The nature of this model as well as the outcomes of its prior use suggests that it can be effectively used in the field of mental health Over the last decades the developed states have effectively implemented a series of public health approaches to health issues such as obesity and anorexia, seat belt use, drink driving prevention, diabetes and other. However, one highly important aspect of our health has not received due consideration probably because of the fact that it does not belong to the realm of physical health. Although mental health has already been proven to be the key to overall physical health, many people still lack adequate understanding of its importance mental health and are not

Understanding The Issues Of Information Overload

Understanding The Issues Of Information Overload In this paper we discussed about Understanding information overload and the common causes of information overload, the disadvantages of information overload for an organization, managing information flow in order to minimize the effect of information overload for the organization, the role of information professional to overcome the information overload extract the useful information. Hope the readers will benefited. Information Overload is an increasing problem both in the workplace and in life in general. It is a state in which the amount of available information is so overwhelming a person is unable to effectively process and utilize it. Information overload is intuitively noticeable in our daily lives. Walking any street, we can hardly measure the amount of information we are exposed to. Information hits us from all directions, newspapers, television, voice mail, cellular phones, email, electronic memos, and the World Wide Web, to name a few. This increase in information, combined with the factor of change in many aspects of our lives, can lead to an unhealthy effect. Information Overload is when you are trying to deal with more information than you are able to process to make sensible decisions. The result is either that you either delay making decisions, or that you make the wrong decisions. . Understanding Information overload The first recorded use of the phrase information overload was used by the futurologist Alvin Toffler in 1970, when he predicted that the rapidly increasing amounts of information being produced would eventually cause people problems. Heylighen (1999) noted, People exposed to the rapid changes of modern life may develop a state of helplessness and inadequacy. Nelson (2001) defines information overload as the incapability to obtain a form of knowledge from a massive amount of information for one reason or another. Information overload can take place for one of these reasons: 1. Not understanding the existing information 2. Feeling inundated by the need to absorb huge amounts of information 3. Not knowing if the needed information exists or not 4. Not knowing where to obtain the information 5. Knowing where the information is but have no access privilege Causes of Information overload Information overload was experienced long before the appearance of information technology and electronic gadgets. Complaints about too many books echo across the centuries, from when books were papyrus rolls, parchment manuscripts, or hand printed. After Printing innovation books were produced and accumulated in unprecedented numbers, and, given their drop in cost, many more readers than before had access to more books than they could read. In the Internet era where millions of smart phones and gadgets are sold every day, zillions of tons of data are being produced. Thus making people spoilt for choices. With a touch, one can easily get almost any data from any corner of the world. The rate of production of different kinds of data such as news, text, multimedia and graphs is breathtaking. For example: YouTube where 24 hours of video is being uploaded in every minute and the rate is increasing everyday. There are millions of sites are there and even the IP address is going to be exhausted. One could imagine the amount of electronic data that is available to digest. Organizations accumulate a huge amount of information about its internal operations and resources. Fifteen years ago only phone, fax and post mails were used for communication. There is a general increase in business communication by voice mail, e-mail, internet and online conferencing in addition to the above mentioned traditional methods which results information overload. Disadvantages of information overload for an organization Too little or too much information is not good for an individual and an organization. Too much reduces their ability to concentrate effectively on the most important messages. People facing information overload sometimes try to cope by ignoring some of the messages, by delaying responses to messages they deem unimportant, by answering only parts of some messages, by responding inaccurately to certain messages, by taking less time with each message, or by reacting only superficially to all messages. Persons exposed to excessive amounts of information are less productive, prone to make poor decisions, and risk suffering serious stress-related diseases. He becomes highly selective and ignore a large amount of information or give up and dont go beyond the first results in many cases, need more time to reach a decision, make mistakes, have difficulties in identifying the relationship between the details and the overall perspective and waste time. Information overload affects-and afflicts-both individual knowledge workers, struggling to perform their jobs while drowning in data, and entire office organizations, whose productivity and customer care suffer as a consequence. The abundance of information we enjoy today comes at a price. Less apparent is the tremendous hidden cost it imposes on the organization as a whole. In one study, for example, people took an average of nearly 25 minutes to return to a work task after an email interruption. Another study found that time lost to handling unnecessary e-mail and recovering from information interruptions cost Intel nearly $1 billion a year. An article in the October issue of HBR, found that forcing knowledge workers to take weekly breaks from email and other work distractions improved performance. Information Overload on an organization is to understand all the lost opportunities it causes and inefficiencies produced. The amount of information has increased for a number of reasons: there is a general increase in business communication, in-company and with customers and suppliers; trends such as globalisation and deregulation increase competition; companies are downsizing and fewer secretaries are employed to protect people from information; more outsourcing means a wider range of other companies with which it is necessary to communicate. There are also more ways to communicate: by fax, voice mail, e-mail, internet and online conferencing, in addition to the more traditional methods, telephone, meetings, post and telex. The cost to business Time is wasted. People spend too much time looking for information. 38% of managers surveyed waste substantial amounts of time just looking for information. Factors such as the holding of files in different software formats and the speed of the internet at critical times of day contribute to this. Decisions are often delayed: 43% of respondents though that decisions were delayed and otherwise adversely affected by analysis paralysis or the existence of too much information. 47% of respondents said that information collection distracts them from their main responsibilities. They find it difficult to develop strategies for dealing with the information they retrieve. It is interesting to imagine the potential increase in productivity if all distractions were removed. The human costs The study identified for the first time that information overload contributes to stress. Two out of three respondents associated information overload with tension with colleagues and loss of job satisfaction. 42% attributed ill-health to this stress. 61% said that they have to cancel social activities as a result of information overload and 60% that they are frequently too tired for leisure activities. National differences In general these were not considered to be of great significance. Managers in the USA and the United Kingdom get the most unsolicited information. Asian managers appear to need less information to make decisions: only 9% claimed to need enormous amounts of information compared with 31% in the United States. Their major decisions may be made through intuition to a greater extent. More United States managers (39%) agree that they suffer stress than those in the UK and Hong Kong. People can no longer develop effective personal strategies for managing information. Faced with an onslaught of information and information channels, they have become unable to develop simple routines for managing information. Technologies for managing information are often the problem, not the solution. They can create the M25 effect: more lanes just means more traffic. People create and distribute because they can, not because its useful. Intranets can become like the internet full of home-made home pages and dead links. Intelligent agents frequently do not live up to their name. Current research suggests that the surging volume of available information-and its interruption of peoples work-can adversely affect not only personal well-being but also decision making, innovation, and productivity. In one study, for example, people took an average of nearly 25 minutes to return to a work task after an e-mail interruption. Thats bad news for both individuals and their organizations. Theres hope, though. Innovative tools and techniques promise relief for those of us struggling with information inundation. Some are technological solutions-software that automatically sorts and prioritizes incoming e-mail, for instance-designed to regulate or divert the deluge. Others prevent people from drowning by getting them to change the way they behave and think. Who knows: Maybe someday even I will enjoy swimming in the powerful currents of information that now threaten to pull me under. Before we can take action / set the procedure to minimize the negative effect of information overload, we should do the analysis of information flows both individual and organisation. Not only for electronic information source such email, but also for spoken words, reading books and talking to friends and family. The analysis is started with identification what information we need based on our key information areas, when we need the information, to whom we should exchange the information with (information sharing), and why we need the information and how we turn the information into results. After understand the information flow, we will be able to set/construct the procedure of information handling which consists of filtering, information pruning, time management, to-do list and optimization the use of current technology as information organizing and distributing tool. There are two types of filtering information i.e. technical filter and daily communication filter. The technical filter is easier to manage as once we set our preference it will work accordingly. An example of technical filter is filter function that is available in e-mails. Filtering daily communication is more difficult because it depends much on the situation and current conversation at that time. Every reaction to another person is an indication of what you want to hear or not hear during the rest of the conversation. We often think that the information is important/useful for the recipient which actually not from recipient point of view. Filter prime our thinking and test whether the new information is important. However, the filter should not be too rigid, as it may exclude coincidences. We will no longer accidentally stumble across information, as is often part of searches on the internet. As regards of second information flow, we can decide more quickly to simply stop receiving it if the information is just nice to know instead of need to know. We will not miss anything as we dont use this information for making decision. Besides that, this less important information will leave us less time for really important information. There is a tool for technical pruning such as setting up the expiry date and which action should we take e.g. file, cancel, delete, etc. Time management is important as time is always in exceedingly short supply. We never enough with the time that we have. Therefore, attention and concentration are important aspect in time management. With full attention and concentration the time spent for managing information is more efficient. Because we need to remember increasingly more, we need an aid i.e. to do list of actions so that we can keep tracking what things we still need to do/settle. This practice alone will give us a lot of added value. Besides the to-do list, it is also good if we also make not-to-list so that when the time come, we are ready. Nowadays with high technology we can optimize the IT to help us to organize and distribute the information.

Mountain Against the Sea Essay -- History, Zionist, British

In Mountain against the Sea (2009), Salim Tamari investigates dichotomies that exist within the historical memory of Palestinian â€Å"modernity† prior to and during Zionist and British influences and how this has contributed to the separation from the social changes that were taking place in Ottoman Palestine at the turn of the twentieth century. Typical historical methodologies have used the Nakba as the defining moment of change within Palestinian societies. Tamari, on the other hand, moves beyond this essential methodology and explains how modernity and complex social changes were occurring in Ottoman Palestine even before 1917. By taking advantage of geographical terminologies, he explains this through the cultural divides that were arising through the connector cities, such as Jaffa, between the inland (mountain/traditional) cultures and the cosmopolitan coastal (sea/contemporary) cultures. Tamari utilizes and builds upon theories of small town urban sprawl and demonstr ates how social control (authoritarianism) differed between Ottoman Palestine and current small towns within the West Bank. Building upon these internal changes taking place all over Palestine before, and to some extent after the Nakba, Tamari proceeds with the second half of the book by narrowing the focus on particular urban intelligentsia, and social and political reformers. Much of the discussion here is devoted to those participating within Jerusalem society and the author challenges conventional ideas of the city being devoid of modernity prior to British entanglements. Building upon his urban foci of â€Å"hybridity,† Tamari explains the cultural hybridity that took place within Ottoman Palestine. Many of his arguments challenge typical ideas about early Pale... ...im Arab Communist like Najati Sidqi; the resulting conclusion is always the same – the traditionalist perspective of a pastoralist Palestine is unfounded. By investigating early cosmopolitan social shifts, popularized ceremonies, the rise of urban intelligentsia, the destruction of coastal cosmopolitan centers and the resultant small town social authoritarianism, the rise of the â€Å"nostalgic narrative† referencing a lost traditionalist society, and the subsequent generations to synthesize imagined societies with reality, Tamari has successfully challenged the Palestinian rhetoric of who Palestinians were before, during, and after the Nakba. Tamari has utilized â€Å"new† sources of information leaning heavily on memoirs, unpublished diaries/journals, and commemorative events resulting in an amalgamation of new perspectives on the social changes within Palestinian society. Mountain Against the Sea Essay -- History, Zionist, British In Mountain against the Sea (2009), Salim Tamari investigates dichotomies that exist within the historical memory of Palestinian â€Å"modernity† prior to and during Zionist and British influences and how this has contributed to the separation from the social changes that were taking place in Ottoman Palestine at the turn of the twentieth century. Typical historical methodologies have used the Nakba as the defining moment of change within Palestinian societies. Tamari, on the other hand, moves beyond this essential methodology and explains how modernity and complex social changes were occurring in Ottoman Palestine even before 1917. By taking advantage of geographical terminologies, he explains this through the cultural divides that were arising through the connector cities, such as Jaffa, between the inland (mountain/traditional) cultures and the cosmopolitan coastal (sea/contemporary) cultures. Tamari utilizes and builds upon theories of small town urban sprawl and demonstr ates how social control (authoritarianism) differed between Ottoman Palestine and current small towns within the West Bank. Building upon these internal changes taking place all over Palestine before, and to some extent after the Nakba, Tamari proceeds with the second half of the book by narrowing the focus on particular urban intelligentsia, and social and political reformers. Much of the discussion here is devoted to those participating within Jerusalem society and the author challenges conventional ideas of the city being devoid of modernity prior to British entanglements. Building upon his urban foci of â€Å"hybridity,† Tamari explains the cultural hybridity that took place within Ottoman Palestine. Many of his arguments challenge typical ideas about early Pale... ...im Arab Communist like Najati Sidqi; the resulting conclusion is always the same – the traditionalist perspective of a pastoralist Palestine is unfounded. By investigating early cosmopolitan social shifts, popularized ceremonies, the rise of urban intelligentsia, the destruction of coastal cosmopolitan centers and the resultant small town social authoritarianism, the rise of the â€Å"nostalgic narrative† referencing a lost traditionalist society, and the subsequent generations to synthesize imagined societies with reality, Tamari has successfully challenged the Palestinian rhetoric of who Palestinians were before, during, and after the Nakba. Tamari has utilized â€Å"new† sources of information leaning heavily on memoirs, unpublished diaries/journals, and commemorative events resulting in an amalgamation of new perspectives on the social changes within Palestinian society.

Strategic Planning Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

Alcohol abuse is a signifier of substance maltreatment and plays an tremendous function in United States Navy human deaths. Although attempts are being made to de-glamorize the usage and abuse of intoxicant in the Navy, this quandary still remains. Alcohol is easy available, readily accessible, and socially acceptable. It can be found at featuring events, household reunions, societal assemblages, eating houses and assorted jubilations. Bing socially acceptable and legal, the ingestion of intoxicant does non keep the same societal stigma as other drugs. Nevertheless, intoxicant abuse is a national epidemic. Harmonizing to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2001, more than half a million people were injured in auto accidents where constabulary reported that intoxicant was present – an norm of one individual is injured about every two proceedingss ( Blincoe, Seay et al. , 2002 ) . Excessive intoxicant ingestion is the 3rd taking â€Å" existent † cause of decease in the United States ( Mokdad, Stroup, Marks & A ; Gerberding, 2000 ) . In 2001, 17,448 people in the U.S. died in alcohol-related motor vehicle clangs, stand foring 41 % of all traffic-related deceases ( NHTSA, 2002 ) . Alcohol-related motor vehicle clangs kill person every 30 proceedingss ( NHTSA, 2002 ) . Alcohol is besides a major subscriber to force and offense, peculiarly assaults, violative behavior, domestic force and kid maltreatment ( Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services, 1996 ) . Harmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) intoxicant abuse was responsible for 75,000 deceases and 2.3 million old ages of possible life lost ( about 30 old ages of life lost per decease ) in 2001. ( Town, Naimi, Mokdad, & A ; Brewer, 2001 ) . The National Survey on Drug Use and Health ( NSDUH ) , which conducted a countrywide study affecting questioning about 70,000 indiscriminately selected persons aged 12 and older in 2006, reported somewhat more than half of Americans age 12 or older admitted to being current drinkers of intoxicant. More than 125.3 million people or 50.9A per centum of the population reported being drinkers of intoxicant. A follow-up study in the 2007 study reported a rise in intoxicant ingestion with more than 126.8 million people or 51.1A per centum, acknowledging to being current drinkers of intoxicant. Datas from Substance Abuse & A ; Mental Health Services Administration ( SAMHSA ‘s ) National Survey on Drug Use and Health f ound in 2003, an estimated 56.6 % of veterans used intoxicants compared with 50.8 % of comparable nonveterans. Harmonizing to Dr. Alexander Wagenaar, Director of Alcohol and Other Drug Epidemiology Program at University of Minnesota School of Public Health, intoxicant was involved in: about 32 % of air power deceases ; 62 % of drownings ; 48 % of falls ; 54 % of fires ; 40 % of industrial hurts. Approximately 1.5 million drivers were arrested in 2000 for driving under the influence of intoxicant or narcotics. That ‘s merely over 1 % of the estimated 120 million or more episodes of impaired drive that occur among U.S. grownups each twelvemonth ( NHTSA, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to The Navy Safety Center over the past 5 old ages, crewmans have been deceasing in alcohol-related vehicle accidents at the rate of 1 every 17 yearss. At this rate, a crewman who completes a 20-year calling in the Navy will hold lost 1197 shipmates due to alcohol-related vehicle accidents. That is about 60 crewmans ‘ deceases per twelvemonth as a direct consequence of intoxicant abuse. Harmonizing toaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.The term intoxicant is besides referred to as ethyl alcohol or ethyl intoxicant. Alcohol is a thin, clear liquid with a rough combustion gustatory sensation and high volatility. Alcohol is created when grains, fruits, or veggies are fermented. Fermentation is a procedure that uses barm or bacterium to alter the sugars in the nutrient into intoxicant. Agitation is used to bring forth many necessary points – everything from cheese to medicines. Alcohol has different signifiers and can be used as a cleansing agent, an antiseptic, or a ataractic. Harmonizing to farther research intoxicant is defined as an intoxicating agent. Alcohol is besides a psychotropic substance, which means that it has the ability to alter consciousness and to change perceptual experiences and behaviour. When speech production of intoxicant, it includes, vino, whisky and beer to call a few.Reappraisal of the peer-reviewed scholarly literature refering to your subject ( 4-5 page narration )Misuse can be defined to utilize falsely or improperly ; misapply, to utilize or handle severely or harshly ; maltreatment. Harmonizing to National Health Science in England ( 2006 ) , alcohol abuse involves the heavy and frequent usage of intoxicant. Misuse can be characterized by a form of imbibing that can ensue in issues with 1s ‘ relationship perchance as a failure to pay close attending to indispensable undertakings, responsibilities and duties at school, work, or at place which consequences in an inability to work usually. The abuse can do both short and long-run physical, psychological and societal jobs. Misuse of intoxicant can be associated with important injury to kids, particularly when combined with other characteristics such as domestic force or other drug abuse. Salter ‘s Psychiatric Review ( 2003 ) defines intoxicant abuse as imbibing intermittently or persistently to such an extent that it interferes with an employee ‘s wellness or public presentation ( efficiency, productiveness, safety or attending ) . The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines alcohol abuse as the ingestion that puts persons at an increased hazard for inauspicious wellness and societal effects. It is defined as extra day-to-day ingestion ( more than 4 drinks per twenty-four hours for work forces or more than 3 drinks per twenty-four hours for adult females ) , or extra entire ingestion ( more than 14 drinks per hebdomad for work forces or more than 7 drinks per hebdomad for adult females ) , or both. Other illustrations of intoxicant abuse include demoing up late to work or non demoing up at all, going ailment as a consequence of intoxicant ingestion, prosecuting in inappropriate behaviour, failure to abiding by the Torahs or prosecuting in behaviour that causes concern for one ‘s safety or the safety or others. Consequences of abuse include non being recommended for publicity, low public presentation markers and belongings harm. It affects one ‘s ability to decently do determinations, execute their needed responsibilities and duties and compromises one ‘s safety.Physical DeductionsAlcohol abuse has been associated with a broad scope of mental, physical and societal injuries. Most wellness professionals agree that intoxicant affect practically every organ in the human organic structure. Alcohol ingestion has been linked to more than 60 disease conditions in a series of recent meta-analyses These include increased hazard of unwilled hurts, force, liver disease, high blood pressure, certain malignant neoplastic diseases, and diseases of the cardinal nervous system. ( English et al. , 1995 ; Gutjahr, Gmel & A ; Rehm, 2001 ; Ridolfo & A ; Stevenson, 2001 ; Single et al. , 1999 ) . Alcohol abuse in any environment is known to do wellness jobs, most notably it can take to liver harm ( e.g. cirrhosis ) , every bit good as jobs with other systems of the organic structure. It is estimated to do about 20-30 % of oesophageal malignant neoplastic disease, liver malignant neoplastic disease, cirrhosis of the liver, homicide, epileptic ictuss, and motor vehicle accidents worldwide ( WHO, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the Center of Disease Control ( 2010 ) , some illustrations of the affects of intoxicant abuse include unwilled hurts ( e.g. , auto accidents, falls, Burnss, submerging ) , knowing hurts ( e.g. , piece hurts, sexual assault, domestic force ) , alcohol toxic condition, high blood force per unit area, shot, and other cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, offense, and driving under the influence. Alcohol abuse consequences in a assortment of inauspicious wellness results. Persons who misuse intoxicant are besides at increased hazard of a assortment of inauspicious generative wellness results. ( Iyasu, Randall, Welty, Kinney, Mandell, 2002 ) . Recent surveies conducted on rats, have shown that intoxicant additions malignant neoplastic disease, spread by stamp downing the ability of â€Å" natural slayer † cells to destruct malignant neoplastic disease cells going in the blood stream. The findings are peculiarly of import for adult females because old surveies suggest adult females who drink every bit small as one to two drinks a twenty-four hours have an incidence of chest malignant neoplastic disease anyplace from 10 % to 100 % higher than abstainers. ( NHTSA, 2002 ) Research has noted that alcoholic drinks which are consumed in moderateness pose no important menace and have no long term effect. Moderate usage is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic drinks per twenty-four hours for work forces and no more than one alcoholic drink per twenty-four hours for adult females. A standard drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of vino, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled liquors, all of which contain the same sum of intoxicant ( NHTSA, 2002 ) However, it has been noted that intoxicant abuse involves the heavy and frequent usage of intoxicant which leads to serious effects. A modest ingestion of intoxicant for many in America and in the Navy is considered safe, suited and pleasant. In fact, moderate consumption of intoxicant has been shown to be reciprocally related to the incidence of coronary arteria disease. ( Vidal, A Arveiler, A Evans, A Montaye, A & A ; A et al.A 2000 ) .Misuse of Alcohol and the Mil itary Culture, Attitudes and BeliefsIn the United States Navy, imbibing has become a tradition and has become portion of being defined as a crewman. Over the old ages, Navy tradition has changed ; nevertheless, the Navy ‘s civilization has easy changed. In the early beginnings and in the formation of the Navy, captains of ships would enroll their crews from saloon. Aboard ship they would have their ration of grog. Grog was a mixture of rum and H2O. It is named after Admiral Grogram Vernon, who foremost ordered the dilution of the British Royal Navy ‘s day-to-day rum ration ( Pack, 1982 ) . Social psychologists have long argued that people tend to follow group attitudes and act in conformity with group outlooks and behaviours based on association demands and societal comparing procedures ( Festinger, 1954 ) , societal force per unit areas toward group conformance ( Asch, 1951, 1952 ) and the formation and acquisition of mention group norms ( Newcomb, 1943 ; Newcomb Wilson , 1966 ; Sherif, 1936, 1972 ) . Alcohol was one time a really of import facet of many of the Navy ‘s oldest clip honored ceremonial processs, such as publicity to main junior-grade officer and traversing the equator. In the yesteryear, intoxicant was thought to be a necessary point for subsistence and morale and, as such, was provided as a day-to-day ration to crewmans and soldiers. Within the preponderantly male U.S. military population, heavy imbibing and being able to â€Å" keep one ‘s spirits † have served as trials â€Å" of suitableness for the demanding masculine military function † ( Bryant, 1974 ) . Research has shown that groups of people, who work together, whether in little squads or larger organisations, develop shared beliefs and patterns that can act upon intoxicant usage ( Trice, 1990 ; Ames, 1992 ) . As a consequence of alterations in the past several decennaries, intoxicant is no longer permitted at official military maps, ceremonials or bid sponsored events. In fact, th e end is to deglamorize is usage to promote appropriate behaviour. The Navy ‘s policy against intoxicant is a seeking and hard undertaking and complicated affair particularly for the primary ground ; it has been a portion of the Navy ‘s civilization for over 200 old ages. The footing of the Navy ‘s Alcohol policy is â€Å" zero tolerance on and off responsibility, afloat and ashore. † It is of import to observe, zero tolerance translates into responsible usage of intoxicant. Harmonizing to this policy, abuse of intoxicant is unacceptable ; it interferes with the Navy nucleus Valuess of Honor, Courage and Commitment. Misuse does non fall in line with Navy ‘s criterions of public presentation for it does non show a sense of professionalism. Alcohol abuse usage is a serious discourtesy in the Uniform Code of Military Justice, breaches good order and subject and is incompatible with service in the Navy. It can destruct the lives of those who misuse it and the lives of their loved 1s, for it can make and do relationship iss ues, wellness jobs and fiscal troubles. Alcohol abuse besides places the member ‘s continued service in the Navy in serious hazard. For illustration, new regulations have been implemented, as of July 30, 2010 ; crewmans who are repeat wrongdoers, convicted of a 2nd DUI strong belief will ensue in administrative separation. Previously, the Commanding Officer had the concluding recommendation.An analysis of the job that you are analyzing taking into consideration old coursework ( 2-3 page narration ) The graduated table of the job.Most late we have seen a rise of intoxicant abuse at our bid and in the Navy overall. Aanalysis of the job in a 2002 Department of Defense ( DoD ) survey found that in the last 20 old ages 21 % of service members admitted to imbibing to a great extent ( 2002 ) . Soldiers and Marines stationed in Afghanistan and Iraq are contending for their lives, and many of our Sailors stationed in San Diego are contending for theirs every bit good. The DoD survey be sides found that 31 % of all occupational hurts are alcohol-related, as are 23 % of self-destructions and 32 % of homicides ( 2002 ) . While in homeport, directors, leaders and supervisors up and down the concatenation of bid are combating an addition in the measure and frequence of intoxicant related incidences and driving under the influence charges imposed on several of their crewmans since their return from abroad. Research has besides shown that intoxicant usage has remained reasonably changeless between 1980 and 2002: 20.8 % in 1980, 24.8 % in 1985, 20 % in 1988, and basically unchanged through 2002 ( Bray et al. , 2003 ) . Harmonizing to research from Drug and Alcohol Program Advisor ( DAPA ) for Navy Region Southwest, since 2001 – to 2008 DUI apprehensions rose about 7 per centum across the Navy but dropped 15 % in the Southwest part. Harmonizing to Command Drug and Alcohol Program Advisor ( DAPA ) for Mobile Security Squadron FIVE, the figure of driving under the influence offenses has doubled since this clip last twelvemonth. To day of the month, four Sailors, two Chief Petty Officers and two Petty Military officers have been charged and arrested for driving while intoxicated. Charges against the four persons are still pending. Harmonizing to the Command DAPA they will be held accountable. In order to obtain information for this peculiar survey, interviews, ego appraisals and questionnaire were used. The intent of the ego appraisal was to obtain a baseline on the degree of intoxicant abuse in the bid, enhance Sailor ‘s consciousness and obtain information on hazard behaviours, wellness guidance and testing informations. The term â€Å" orgy imbibing † was defines as a imbibing juncture taking to poisoning, frequently measured as holding more than ten figure of drinks on one juncture ( i.e. , devouring five or more drinks per typical imbibing juncture at least one time a hebdomad ) ( Gmel, Rehm and Kuntsche, 2003 ) . The completion of the appraisal took approximately five proceedingss. A sum of 413 persons completed the appraisal. Datas from 413 studies were collected during a two month period. Presently the bid is composed of 512 forces, 350 of the Sailors late returned from a 7 month deployment to Kuwait in January. In less than 7 months from their last d eployment, those same Sailors will go forth their households, friends and loved one to one time once more deploy to the United Arab Emirates UAE. In a recent study conducted, the figure of â€Å" Days Away from Home Station † averaged 142 yearss. The information besides indicated that 80.6 % of the studies were completed by enlisted crewmans and 19.4 % by officers. The information besides indicated that of the reported study respondents indicated 50.8 % of the respondents were in the 20-29 twelvemonth old age group. Data recorded that 32 % , reported the ingestion of intoxicant, 24 % reported heavy intoxicant usage, 29 % moderate usage, 47 % reported devouring intoxicant fewer than one time a hebdomad and 8 % reported intoxicant usage while driving a vehicle. A really startling statistic is that 6 % of members surveyed reported drive after imbibing excessively much intoxicant.Consequence of Alcohol Misuse: Economic and Military ActionsOn April 4th 2010, May 16th, 2010, June 17, 2010 and August 1st, 20th 2010, service members were detained and charged with driving while under the influence ( DUI ) . Servicemembers were g uilty of DUI ‘s, three of the 4s were first clip wrongdoers. Three of the four were fined between $ 300.00 to $ 850.00. So far, servicemembers have had their impulsive privileges on base suspended for a twelvemonth and all four were jailed overnight. Each are presently required to go to an compulsory intoxicant safety action plan ; two of the four failed to inform their concatenation of bid. They were discovered by the usage of the Alcohol and Drug Management Information and Tracking System ( ADMITS ) , which is a computerized database that paperss and studies all alcohol related incidents. In an interview with one of the service members he shared he began imbibing intoxicant when he was 16 old ages old and continued good into his calling in the Navy. He drank four or five beers a hebdomad with friends. He would imbibe largely with household and friends and while socialising and with his married woman. Most late his ingestion has decreased to imbibing one or two beers one time or twice a month. He believes that he did non hold a imbibing job ; for no 1 at his occupation, in his concatenation of bid or his household or friends has of all time suggested that he misused intoxicant. This is the service members ‘ 2nd discourtesy. California DUI Offense punishments are serious. There are both condemnable and administrative punishments that can be imposed. The 1st discourtesy of a rummy drive strong belief, in most instances, will dwell of two discourtesies: 1 ) driving under the influence of intoxicant ( DUI ) , and 2 ) driving with.08 % or higher blood-alcohol concentration. First clip wrongdoer face possible gaol clip, probation, suspension of their licence, ignition interlock installing, a significant rise in insurance fees ensuing in duplicating or trebling of premiums, restricted travel, community service, loss of employment and expensive mulcts. Punishments, mulcts and fees increase well with each extra discourtesy. The punishments for imbibing and drive are going progressively stricter each twelvemonth but vary from province to province and are broad runing. In California, harmonizing to the National Safety Council State Traffic Safety Legislation Database, first clip wrongdoer, non-injury DUI ‘s are by and large misdemeanours. DUIs that consequence in bodily hurt may be elevated to felony position. Persons face 48 hours up to 6 months in gaol and mulcts can run from $ 390- $ 1,000 plus punishment appraisals. Wrongdoers may hold their licence suspended from 4 months up to a twelvemonth. Courts may besides order the installing of an interlock device. Furthermore, vehicles may be impounded, wrongdoers must take and alcohol instruction class, may be placed on probation and have to execute community service. A 2nd California DUI discourtesy may include 90 yearss to 1 twelvemonth in gaol, a two twelvemonth licence suspension, attending of an 18-30 month DUI school and 3-5 old ages informal pro bation. In comparing, in Texas, for a first clip discourtesy, a driver convicted of a DUI could confront 72 hours to two old ages in gaol, a $ 2,000 to $ 10,000 mulct, suspension of licence for 90 yearss to one twelvemonth and a DUI surcharge of $ 1,000 per twelvemonth for three old ages or $ 2,000 for old ages, if Blood Alcohol Level is above.16. A 2nd rummy drive discourtesy could ensue in 30 yearss to two old ages in gaol, $ 4,000- $ 10,000 mulct, suspension of licence from 180 yearss to two old ages, installing of an ignition interlock device and a DUI surcharge from $ 1,500 to $ 2,000 for three old ages. Bing charged with a rummy driving strong belief can be an really expensive proposition. With the combination of tribunal costs mulcts, fees and an addition in premiums, the cost of one DUI can run between $ 5,000 and $ 20,000. Fines and fees associated with intoxicant abuse vary province to province, nevertheless, the cost of possible fees and mulcts, in all provinces are reeling. Harmonizing to informations by Mother Against Drunk Driving ( 2010 ) , a DUI costs about $ 5,000 – $ 20,000 by the clip you pay mulcts, fees, bond and insurance. For illustration, bond can be $ 150.00 to $ 2500.00 and towage fees can run from $ 200 to $ 1500. Some metropoliss charge $ 1,200 for the first 24 hours and $ 50 for each extra twenty-four hours of storage. driving/alcohol-awareness schools ( 16 hebdomads lower limit ) scope from $ 250.00 to $ 2,000.00. The fee for and installing of an ignition lock is about $ 70.00, legal representation could be anyplace from $ 2500.00 to $ 25,000.00 and li cense reinstatement fee can run from $ 100- $ 250, Auto Insurance Increase: $ 3,600 – $ 6,600 ( The Auto Club estimates $ 2,200 a twelvemonth for 3 old ages ) There are besides unanticipated and incalculable cost such as an addition in life-insurance-premiums, lost of income due to tribunal day of the months, community service, gaol clip, loss of licence and employability.Mission Readiness/Health Care CostssAlcohol abuse affects mission preparedness since it takes clip and costs money for medical referrals, to treat separations and penalties. Additional, it reduces member ‘s dependableness, dependability and discredits members. Furthermore, members are removed from places in which they have been trained for. Alcohol abuse on the single degree is a personal duty failure in leading, judgement, personal and professional behaviour. Over the past two decennaries, five major surveies have used the cost of unwellness ( COI ) model to gauge the economic costs of intoxicant malt reatment in the United States ( Berry et al. 1977 ; Cruze et Al. 1981 ; Harwood et Al. 1984, 1998 ; Rice et Al. 1990 ) . In a survey by Healthy People 2010, a list of national wellness aims for the first decennary of this century includes substance maltreatment as a taking wellness index, with an estimated cost to society of $ 167 billion for intoxicant maltreatment ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000 ) . Alcohol related jobs cost British industry, 2 billion per twelvemonth due to absenteeism and hapless work public presentation. These surveies present estimations of the costs of intoxicant maltreatment on the footing of analyses of wellness attention costs, productiveness losingss, and assorted extra costs, such as those associated with alcohol-related offense and motor vehicle clangs. In the most recent of these COI surveies, the research group estimated the overall economic cost of intoxicant maltreatment at $ 148 billion for 1992, the most recent twelvemonth for which equal informations were available at the clip the survey was undertaken ( Harwood et al. 1998 ) . The economic costs as a consequence or lost of productiveness was estimated at $ 134.2 billion. Health attention costs of intoxicant maltreatment were estimated at $ 26.3 billion for 1998, stand foring a comparatively modest fraction 14.3 % of the sum estimated cost of intoxicant maltreatment. The direct and indirect cost of intoxicant abuse in the United States was estimated to be about $ 185 billion in 1998. Medical effects of foetal intoxicant syndrome ( FAS ) accounted for about $ 2.9 billion of this sum and about $ 1.3 billion were attributed to lost net incomes due to FAS ( Hardwood, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to the CDC, the cost of intoxicant abuse in the United States was estimated to be $ 185 billi on in 1998. About $ 16 billion of this sum was spent on medical attention for alcohol-related complications ( non including foetal intoxicant syndrome [ FAS ] ) , $ 7.5 billion was spent on forte intoxicant intervention services, and $ 2.9 billion was spent on FAS intervention. The staying costs ( $ 134 billion ) were due to lost productiveness. Lost productiveness due to alcohol-related deceases and disablements impose a greater economic load than do wellness attention costs ( Harwood, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to a 1997 DoD study, the DoD reported that costs for wellness attention associated with the sensing, rehabilitation, and intervention of active responsibility, retired person, and dependent forces with intoxicant related diseases and hurts were approximately $ 557 million. The lost productiveness costs for active responsibility forces hospitalized for intoxicant attributable disease was $ 13 million for the same period. Non-DoD social costs for intoxicant related incidents attributable to active responsibility, retired person, and dependent forces were approximately $ 396 million for the same period. Alcohol abuse among Prime donees cost the DoD an estimated $ 1.2 billion in 2006aˆâ€ ¢ $ 425 million in higher medical costs and $ 745 million in decreased preparedness and misconduct charges. In footings of medical attention and lost clip at work, intoxicant maltreatment costs the DoD more than $ 600 million in 2008 and the DoD spends another $ 132 million a twelvemon th to care for babes with foetal intoxicant syndrome.Legal ActionsThere are several mentions and instructions which discuss legal action that can be taken against military members that misuse intoxicant. Members arrested and convicted for alcohol-related discourtesy by civil authorization ( i.e. , DUI/DWI, public poisoning, disorderly behavior ) , are apt to be punished under article 92, failure to obey a lawful order, and Article 111-drunken or foolhardy operation of vehicle, aircraft, or vas. Legal actions against service members is based on misconduct and abuse, the non the intoxicant job in itself. Military legal actions and effects include loss of on base privileges, limitation, publicity recommendation and a 2nd intoxicant misconduct discourtesy will ensue in administrative separation. Members found guilty at ( non-judicial penalty ) NJP typically face A? months pay times two months. On norm, a Chief with over 12 old ages of service makes 3,699.00. The Chiefs in our bid confro nting NJP can anticipate to lose $ 1849. This does non include loss of possible future publicities. In contrast, civilian legal actions include tribunal costs and fee, increased insurance premiums, driver ‘s license suspension and possible gaol clip.Effectiveness of Navy Training ProgramsTo find the effectivity of the intoxicant preparation plans a sample study was utilised. 75 % of those surveyed believed that developing plans were effectual. Many of the respondents stated the preparation plans purposes have been and are clearly stated, nevertheless, developing to cut down intoxicant abuse are merely effectual if persons make a witting determination to implement what they have learned from the preparation. Others stated that plans are effectual ; nevertheless, they are merely non decently utilised unless you ‘re at a rigorous bid. On some occasions, plan are merely to the full implemented and supported when something happens. Many of the plans that are presently in topographic point include Right Sprit, 123, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Managers and Supervisors ( ADAMS ) for Leaders, ADAMS for Supervisors and ADAMS for Facilitators. These plans emphasize responsible usage and deglamorize intoxicant with the purpose of cut downing the impact of intoxicant abuse. Training plans are effectual for they raise awareness, promote treatment, promotes positive behaviours refering responsible usage while avoiding intoxicant abuse. They besides discuss the dangers of intoxicant abuse and supply information on where persons can travel to have guidance and other valuable resources. These plans are effectual ; they teach crewmans how to take attention of non merely themselves, but to be aware of the wellness and public assistance of those they work or live with and assorted options to bask life without intoxicant. The Navy presently uses instruction and preparation pictures, community organisation, jurisprudence enforcement, and wellness publicity runs. These assorted types of preparation plans, assistance in acquiring the message out about the responsible usage of intoxicant and can do a important difference in person ‘s life. These preparation plans set criterions in educating the Sailors of the hereafter in forestalling future issues associated with its abuse. These preparation plans are effectual for they promote a healthier lifestyle and can perchance forestall person from going a statistic.A proposed program for turn toing this job ( 4-5 page narration )The Navy ‘s attempts to cut down intoxicant abuse have non been successful. Alcohol is a legal substance, but its abuse has a important impact on misusers. The proposed program to diminish intoxicant abuse usage would be an incorporate attack to undertaking the jobs through early intercession and sensing, airing of cognition of intoxicant abuse policies, wellness related issues and its societal and wellness effects. The program include s implementing a strong policy that would be enforced systematically concentrating on intoxicant abuse bar. Numerous school-based plans have emerged over the old ages to battle minor imbibing and drive. Recent grounds has highlighted a figure of factors that strengthen the efficaciousness of school-based substance maltreatment prevention/education plans which include an synergistic function ( e.g. , Komro, 2002 ; Tobler, 1992 ; Tobler et al. , 2000 ; Tobler & A ; Stratton, 1997 ) . Research besides illustrates that community-based bar plans have been effectual in cut downing those jobs ( Hulley and Fortmann 1981 ; see besides Puska et Al. 1985 ; Maccoby et Al. 1977 ; Jacobs et Al. 1986 ) . This system can forestall a job before a job develops which will help in assisting crewmans make the right determinations at the right clip about their actions and behaviour.Leadership ‘s function, Interventions and Practices to Decrease Alcohol Misuse in the NavyThe program that could be im plemented would be an incorporate program with a focal point on bar and instruction, clear concise communicating, intrusive leading and battle and mentorship. The program I would implement would non set a arrest to all intoxicant abuse, alternatively it would concentrate on bar attempts paying peculiar attending to the bad imbibing behaviour. Alcohol abuse can be reduced through early sensing and early intercession. Communicating straight with our Sailors about intoxicant abuse, intrusive leading, prosecuting the bid and being direct with our Sailors about the issue of the abuse of intoxicant is the foundation of a the preventative integrative program. Communicating, prosecuting the Sailors in the bid and being direct with the Sailors, leads to constructing a relationship between Sailors and the leading.The end of leading should be to construct a relationship with those crewmans allowing them know that they are of import and that leading is at that place to help them with any issues they may hold. It besides creates an environment of positive aid where Sailors know leaders will make the best they can to take attention of their demands. Commands that have clear communicating are intrusive, engaged and direct set the tone and are active participants in cut downing intoxicant abuse. This system provides leading the chance to supply information jeopardies and effects of intoxicant abuse.AIn constructing a relationship with the Sailors they become cognizant that they are relevant and an of import portion of the bid and instills a sense of duty and AIDSs in edifice and apprehension of Navy policy and outlooks. This besides gives leading an chance to discourse the bids policy constructing a contributing acquisition environment. There is strong grounds that short treatments or †brief intercessions † delivered by professionals are effectual in cut downing imbibing and are cost-efficient. ( Fitzgerald, Watson, A Mccaig, A & A ; A Stewart, A D.2009 ) . This a ttack besides allows an chance to raise the issue of abuse and to discourse bounds of intoxicant ingestion and its negative effects. Another cardinal facet of this integrative program would include bid engagement. Commands should stress moderateness and responsible usage. Commands along with the bid leading should reenforce the message of the Navy intoxicant policy and deglamorize the usage of intoxicant and take restorative every bit good as preventative steps as needed. The Commanding Officer, Executive Officer, Command Master Chief and leading should guarantee policies are implemented and members are held accountable by efficiently training improper behaviour, maintaining the plan extremely seeable, sharply prosecuting crewmans, discoursing responsible usage and the effects of go againsting the Navy ‘s refering its abuse, guarantee preparation is easy available and guidance and referrals are readily accessible. Command engagement would besides include cognizing when your crewmans are turning 21 or being cognizant of their birthdays. Research reports found that that 1/5 of all Navy intoxicant related incid ents go on within 12 months of Sailors turning 21. Sailors on or around their birthday should be counseled on the negative effects of intoxicant abuse and should be informed of the Navy ‘s policy on intoxicant and apprehension there are alternate options which do non affect the ingestion of intoxicant. Commands can besides increase the frequence they have Command Calls or have the Command Master Chief speak with the bid more often for case before long vacation weekends, to discourse the bids policy on intoxicant abuse and to remind Sailors to be responsible. Another preventative integrative attack would be supervisors and leaders understanding their duty of being leaders and wise mans. Supervisors, leaders and directors should be cognizant that they are function theoretical accounts. They should be responsible and should advance and further an ambiance of professionalism. Another program to battle intoxicant abuse in the bid is to convey in synergistic games designed to exemplify the dangers of intoxicant abuse. This synergistic device would be a computing machine simulation which would imitate the effects of driving while under the influence to let crewmans to see the effects of how it would and how they would respond while under the influence to see first manus the impact of intoxicant has on the organic structure. This device would assist raise consciousness and hopefully die DUI incidences.A treatment of possible barriers to implementing your program ( 1 page narration )Recommendations for get the better ofing these barriers ( 1 page narration )DecisionIn shutting, one of the most discouraging findings from this research was that 8 % of those surveyed reported driving while under the influence. Alcohol is a drug which can do serious societal, fiscal and physical convulsion. Unhealthy intoxicant ingestion and intoxicant abuse is a major concern in the United States Navy for it has had an inauspicious impact on the mission preparedness of bids and significantly impacts misusers. Alcohol abuse is dearly-won in footings of cost, clip lost and its consequence on households. It besides destabilizes and threatens one safety, wellness, combat preparedness, and is damaging to morale. Alcohol abuse is incompatible with United States Navy criterions of public presentation, and is destructive in the Navys attempts to transfuse pride, professionalism, and esprit de corps. Alcohol in the United States Navy has a long and celebrated tradition of abuse and continues to hold considerable medical, legal and societal effects. It is hard to explicate the positive consequence of intoxicant abuse. While the ingestion of intoxicant may convey with it feelings of enjoyment and heat in the heads of many, it carries with it legion damaging effects, if non used responsibly. As documented in this study, intoxicant abuse poses some serious jobs on its users and their household and topographic points undue load and emphasis on the lives of those affected by its abuse. Furthermore, service members often use intoxicant to get by with apprehensiveness, humdrum, force per unit area, solitariness, jitteriness, emphasis and the sensed deficiency of off responsibility easy activities. Research has illustrated that this is a serious issues that demands our attending. It is of import that we all understand that intoxicant abuse will non be eradicated overnight. It will take several old ages to alter the military civilizations mind set, perceptual experience, attitudes and beliefs about intoxicant usage. The United States Navy civilization will merely alter through an incorporate attack of bar through intercession, instruction and preparation. Additionally, leading should encompass and accept their function and duty in educating their crewmans on current patterns, processs, constabularies and the nature of intoxicant abuse and how it can be prevented and treated efficaciously. The procedure has taught that the bing grounds that has been provided shows that we have an issue in our bid that needs to be addressed. This really little but really alone organisation of informations suggests that more demands to be done to battle this quandary at our bid. Prevention is better than remedy and this information indicates that the Navy needs a better program to pull off the force per unit areas that our crewmans face, which can lend to unhealthy lifestyle determinations. It is apparent from this study that we need to increase our consciousness of intoxicant ingestion and its societal, legal and wellness effects. This study has significantly contributed to my cognition base and has aided in the apprehension of the current tendencies in our bid in relation to alcohol-related issues. This information will be good in raising consciousness among the bid about the terrible reverberations that alcohol abuse can hold. This research has highlighted the importance of responsible usage. There is a demand for more of a focal point on more tools for effectual alteration. To efficaciously cut down the abuse of intoxicant includes implementing effectual schemes to battle intoxicant abuse usage by supplying instruction, preparation and proper showing. Education, preparation and effectual showings have shown to be an indispensable constituent and component in diminishing intoxicant abuse every bit good as minimising the injury caused by intoxicant. I will be my purpose to be more proactive with my attacks to communication the navy policies on responsible usage, through, program of the day of the month notes, on line showings, and posting runs In shutting, early intercession and sensing, airing of cognition of intoxicant abuse policies and wellness publicity combined with intoxicant deglamorization can be utile in stemming tide of abuse. More information, information and research is still required and more demands to be done the kerb the tide of intoxicant maltreatment. In the interim, supplying the appropriate support, preparation, resources, testing and instruction will supply a model to help the bid in undertaking this really serious issue. Overall, these findings indicate that the armed forces has made paces in battling intoxicant abuse ; nevertheless, farther research is needed to measure the effectivity of these plans. intoxicant. ( n.d. ) . In Dictionary Definitions. Retrieved August 9th, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.yourdictionary.com/alcohol Asch, S.E. Effectss of group force per unit area on the alteration and deformation of opinions. In: Guetzkow, H. ( Ed. ) Groups, Leadership and Men: Research in Human Relations, Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press, 1951, pp. 177-190. American Heritage Dictionaries ( 12 April 2006 ) . The American Heritage lexicon of the English linguistic communication ( 4 ed. ) . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBNA 978-0-618-70172-8. hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com/ ? id=uPCFIQAACAAJ. â€Å" To utilize wrongly or improperly ; abuse: maltreatment intoxicant † Australian Institute of Health and Welfare ( AIHW ) . 2006. Australia ‘s wellness 2006. AIHW cat.no. AUS73. Canberra, Australia. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/ title/10321 # full_publication ( accessed May 2008 ) . Andrew J Treno, A & A ; A Juliet P Lee.A ( 2002 ) . Approaching intoxicant jobs through local environmental interventions.A Alcohol Research and Health, A 26 ( 1 ) , A 35-40.A Bryant, C. D. ( 1974 ) . Olive-drab Drunks and GI Drug addicts: Alcohol and Narcotic Addiction in the U.S. Military. In C.D. Bryant ( Ed. ) , Deviant Behavior ( Pp. 129-145 ) . Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-attributable deceases and old ages of possible life lost – United States, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004 ; 53:866-70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-attributable deceases and old ages of possible life lost-United States, 2001.MMWR 2004 ; 53:866-70. Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services ( 1996 ) National Alcohol Action Plan 1995-1997. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. â€Å" Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 † . USA: health.gov. 2005. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.gov/DIETARYGUIDELINES/dga2005/document/html/chapter9.htm.A Dietary Guidelines Domes I. Uvole J ( 2008 ) Integrating services for frail aged people the R & A ; vitamin E of local, regional and departmental histrions In Ilebeit R Tourigny P. Raiche M ( Eds ) Integration of Services Fr Disabled People Research Leading to Action. Edison Quebec, 6. English, D. R. , Holman, C. J. D. , Milne, E. , Winter, M. , Hulse, G. , Codde, J. , Bower, C. , Corti, B. , de Klerk, N. , Knuiman, M. , Kurinczuk, J. , Lwein, G. and Ryan, G. ( 1995 ) The Quantification of Drug-caused Morbidity and Mortality in Australia. Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, Canberra. English DR et Al. The Quantification of Drug Caused Morbidity and Mortality in Australia, 1992. Canberra, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, 1995. Fitzgerald, A N. , A Watson, A H. , A Mccaig, A D. , A & A ; A Stewart, A D..A ( 2009 ) . Developing and measuring preparation for community druggists to present intercessions on intoxicant issues.A Pharmacy World & A ; Science, A 31 ( 2 ) , A 149-53.A Heather, N. ( 1996 ) The public wellness and brief intercessions for intoxicant ingestion: the British experience. Addictive Behaviours, 21, 857-868 Iyasu S, Randall LL, Welty TK, Hsia J, Kinney HC, Mandell F, et Al. Hazard factors for sudden baby decease syndrome among Northern Plains Indians. JAMA 2002 ; 288:2717-23 James Pack, Nelson ‘s Blood: The Story of Naval Rum Naval Institute Press, 1982 Harwood H. Updating Estimates of Economic Costss of Alcohol Abuse in the United States: Estimates, Update Methods, and Datas: National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ; 2000. NIH Publication No. 98-4327. Harwood H. Updating estimations of economic costs of intoxicant maltreatment in the United States: estimations, update methods, and informations. Rockville ( MD ) : National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ; 2000. NIH Publication No. 98-4327 Komro, K, A. , & A ; Toomey, T. L. ( 2002 ) . Schemes to forestall minor imbibing. Alcohol Research & A ; Health, 26 ( 1 ) , 5-14. McBride, N. ( 2005 ) . The grounds base for school drug instruction intercessions. In T. Stockwell, Gruenewald, P. J. , Toumbourou, J. W. , & A ; Loxley, W. ( Ed. ) , Preventing harmful substance usage: The grounds base for policy and pattern, ( pp. 101-112 ) . New York: Jonh Wiley & A ; Sons, Ltd. Midanik LT, Room R. Epidemiology of intoxicant ingestion. Alcohol Health and Research World, 1992, 16 ( 3 ) :183-190. Marmot MG, Rose G, Shipley MJ & A ; Thomas BJ ( 1981 ) : Alcohol and mortality: a U-shaped curve. Lancet 1, 580 A ± 583. abuse. ( n.d. ) . In Dictionary Definitions. Retrieved August 10th, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.yourdictionary.com/misuse Mokdad AH, Stroup D, Marks JS, Gerberding J. Actual causes of decease in the United States, 2000. [ Published misprint in: JAMA 2005 ; 293:293-294 ] . JAMA 2004 ; 291:1238-45. Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Drinking and Driving is Very, Very Expensive! Retrieved on August 1, 2010 from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maddorangecounty.org/cost.htm National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Helping patients who drink excessively much: a clinician ‘s usher, updated 2005 edition. Rockville: National Institutes of Health ; 2005 [ cited 2008 Dec 5 ] . Newcomb, T.M. Personality and Social Change: Attitude Formation in a Student Community, New York: Dryden Press, 1943. P Marques-Vidal, A D Arveiler, A A Evans, A M Montaye, A & A ; A et al.A ( 2000 ) . Patterns of intoxicant ingestion in middle-aged work forces from France and Northern Ireland. The Premier study.A European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, A 54 ( 4 ) , A 321-8.A Retrieved September 1, 2010, from ProQuest Medical Library. ( Document ID: A 57479533 ) . Treatment Episode Data Set ( TEDS ) , Trends in Adult Femal Substance Abuse Treatment Admissions Reporting Primary Alcohol Abuse: 1992 to 2007. ( January 7, 2010 ) . Retrieved 1/29/2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oas.samhsa.gov/samhda.htm. Trice, H.M. , and Sonnenstuhl, W.J. On the building of imbibing norms in work organisations. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 51:201-220, 1990. Salter, A. C. ( 1992 ) . Epidemiology of child sexual maltreatment. In W. O'Donohue & A ; J. H. Geer ( Eds. ) , The sexual maltreatment of kids: Theory and research, Volume I ( pp. 108-139 ) . Hillsdale, New jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 72 Salter, D. , McMillan, D. , Richards, M. , Talbot, T. , Hodges, J. , Bentovim, A. , Hastings, R. , Stevenson, J. , Skuse, D. ( 2003 ) . â€Å" Development of sexually opprobrious behavior in sexually exploited males: a longitudinal survey † : The Lancet: 361: 471-476 Salter, D. , McMillan, D. , Richards, M. , Talbot, T. , Hodges, J. , Bentovim, A. , Hastings, R. , Stevenson, J. , Skuse, D. ( 2003 ) . â€Å" Development of sexually opprobrious behavior in sexually exploited males: a longitudinal survey † : The Lancet: 361: 471-476 Scots Executive Health Department. The Scots Health Survey. Edinburgh: SEHD ; 2002. Town M, Naimi TS, Mokdad AH, Brewer RD. 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Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.Dod Study Alcohol Abuse Costs DoD DearlyBy Staff Sgt. Kathleen T. Rhem, USAAmerican Forces Press Service

School Programs Like in China

School Programs Like in China China can be a great place to learn depending on what topic you are studying, what teaching methods work best for you or your personal interests. Whether youre thinking of going to school in China, considering enrolling your child in a Chinese school, or just curious to know more, here are answers to frequently asked questions about school programs in China, Chinas education methods, and enrolling in school in China. Education Fees Education is required and free for Chinese citizens age 6 to 15 though parents must pay fees for books and uniforms. Chinese children all get a primary and middle school public education. Each class averages 35 students. After middle school, parents must pay for public high school. The majority of families in cities can afford the fees, but in rural parts of China, many students stop their education at age 15. For the wealthy, there is a growing number of private schools in China as well as dozens of international private schools. Tests In high school, Chinese students begin preparing for the competitive é «ËœÃ¨â‚¬Æ' (gaokao, National University Entrance Examinations). Somewhat similar to the SAT for American students, seniors take this test in the summer. The results determine which Chinese university test-takers will attend the following year. Classes Offered   Chinese students attend classes five or six days a week from the early morning (about 7 am) to early evening (4 pm or later). On Saturdays, many schools hold required morning classes in science and math. Many students also attend è £Å"ç ¿â€™Ã§  ­ (buxiban), or cram school, in the evening and on weekends. Much like tutoring in the West, schools in China offer additional Chinese, English, science and math classes and one-on-one tutoring. Aside from math and science, students take Chinese, English, history, literature, music, art, and physical education. Chinese Versus Western Education Methods China’s teaching methodology differs from Western education methodology. Rote memorization is emphasized and there is a heavier focus on math, science, and Chinese studies. It is also standard practice for classes to be complemented with extensive test prep throughout middle school, junior high school, and high school for college entrance exams. Schools in China have after-school activities, like sports and music lessons, but these activities are not as extensive as those found in international schools and schools in the West. For example, while team sports are becoming more popular, competition among schools is more like an intramural team sports system rather than a competitive system. Vacation Schools in China have a break lasting for several days or a week during China’s national holiday at the beginning of October. During Spring Festival in mid-January or mid-February, depending on the lunar calendar, students have one to three weeks off. The next break is for China’s labor holiday, which occurs during the first few days of May. Finally, students have a summer vacation which is much shorter than in the US. Summer vacation typically begins in mid-July though some schools start their vacations in June. The vacation lasts for approximately one month. Can Foreigners Go to Primary or Secondary School in China? While most international schools will only accept Chinese students who hold a foreign passport, Chinese public schools are required by law to accept children of legal foreign residents. Admissions requirements vary but most schools require an admissions application, health records, passport, visa information, and previous school records. Some, like nurseries and kindergartens, require a birth certificate. Others require recommendation letters, assessments, on-campus interviews, entrance exams, and language requirements. Students who cannot speak Mandarin are usually held back a few grades and usually start in first grade until their language skills improve. All classes except English are taught entirely in Chinese. Going to a local school in China has become a popular choice for expat families who live in China but can’t afford the high price of international schools. The admissions materials at local schools are typically in Chinese and there’s little support for families and students who do not speak Chinese. Schools in Beijing that accept foreign students include  Fangcaodi Primary School (èŠ ³Ã¨ â€°Ã¥Å" °Ã¥ ° Ã¥ ­ ¦) and The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China Beijing Ritan High School (ä º ºÃ¥ ¤ §Ã©â„¢â€žÃ¤ ¸ ­). There are over 70 schools approved by China’s Ministry of Education to provide foreign instruction. Unlike local children, foreigners must pay a yearly tuition which varies but starts at about 28,000RMB. Can Foreigners Go to College or University in China? Various programs are offered at schools in China for foreigners. An application, copies of visa and passport, school records, physical exam, photo, and proof of language proficiency are all most students need to gain acceptance to undergraduate and graduate programs at schools in China. Chinese language proficiency is typically demonstrated by taking the  Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi  (HSK exam). Most schools require a score of level 6 (on a scale of 1 to 11) to enter undergraduate and graduate programs. Additionally, a perk for foreigners is that they are exempt from the gaokao.   Scholarships Many prospective students consider applying for scholarships to study at schools in China. Foreign students pay more in tuition than local students, but the fees are generally much less than students would pay in the United States or Europe. Tuition starts at 23,000RMB annually. Scholarships are available for foreigners. The most common scholarship is given by the Ministry of Education’s China Scholarship Council and the Chinese government. The Chinese government also awards the HSK Winner Scholarships for the top HSK test-scorers overseas. One scholarship is awarded per country where the test is administered. What If I Dont Speak Chinese? There are programs for those who do not speak Chinese. From Mandarin language learning to Chinese medicine to a Master of Business Administration, foreigners can study a range of subjects at schools in China, including Beijing and Shanghai, without speaking a word of Mandarin. Programs range from a few weeks to two years or more. The application process is quite simple and consists of an application, a copy of visa, passport, school records or diploma, physical exam, and photo.

Side jobs. Bringing in cash

Side jobs. Bringing in cash High-paying side jobs You may witness people who have an insatiable desire to accomplish more every day. They are goal-oriented and ambitious, and they need an additional occupation to develop professionally and become a person they always wanted to be. Perhaps, what we said above may be attributed to you as well. In this case, this is what we have to offer in terms of job proposals. One day, you may find yourself in a tight position of a student or an office employee, who is on a limited budget or an adult, trying to pay the bills. Whenever you feel extra money will make you happier, we suggest applying for a side-job that is going to bring extra cash and professional satisfaction. Some of the most attractive options are listed below: Fitness instructor. In case you want to obtain a side hobby and earn money at the same time, becoming a fitness instructor will certainly blend in your daily routine. There are individual instructors, who are paid to train with a particular person, and there are those who are doing group classes. If you prefer to be surrounded by people, the last option will suit you well. Normally, you will be required to get a certificate for this type of job, and six months of prior trainings are compulsory to see if you fit in a specific company of instructors, depending on your ability to communicate and establish connections with people. Commonly, group classes are fun and need you to stay determined and organized, as you may have people of different ages coming to get their fair share of personal training. Your main task would be to monitor the work out process and check on the client’s progress the whole time. Archivist. Unlike the first job, this one is for people, who can spend hours, gathering information. For those, who love catalogues and works of art, being employed as an archivist is the best chance to show themselves in the professional sphere. Sometimes, your local museum would require specialists to check on the backlogs and organize papers in alphabetical order. Apparently, you will need a degree in archive management or any other discipline, closely related to the said sphere. Marketing manager. Marketing managers create plans for companies and reach out to inform clients of these plans. They can also attend the sponsorship events to see if the product has established itself among the audience, and have the responsibility of analyzing current situations in business. You will need a certain amount of qualification for this job, and you should know it will be a temporary occupation in case you don’t have experience or happen to be currently enrolled in the university. Writer. You can work as a writer with a part-time schedule, if you feel creativity is something you can’t live without. This type of profession is perfect for those, who want to study and gain experience at the same time. Besides, they pay you well if you manage to meet the deadline and provide clients with authentic, 100% original content. Working as a writer pays off in case you want to devote your life to that sphere, too, as it develops your verbal talents as well as written communication practice, which is important if you are employed by an educational institution or an essay service company. City-guide blogger. Companies and corporations love bloggers, who write articles on their local city attractions. You can be focused on anything that draws your attention and sounds entertaining, like recreation, cultural events and architecture. The key to this side-job is being able to provide sufficient information on the sightseeing tours in your area and making sure your readers enjoy the views as they collect ideas from your blog. Some real estate companies are also interested in this kind of advertising, as they work with sales and management department and need promotion for business. The vacancy is ideal for the lovers of travel and tourism – you just have to be unique and find a personal shtick that will later become your trademark. Business consultant. Business consulting represents a broad sphere of professional knowledge, but generally, you will have to talk to the business owners and provide them with valuable advice on how to improve their performance. Business consultants can make a lot of money by facilitating several companies in finding their perfect strategy and are often present at meetings, whenever administrative help is required. You have to be a good organizer with a rhetorical talent and an excellent conversationalist to maintain a level that is required for a specific business field. You also need to possess a degree in business administration and be able to handle conflict situations at work. Stress management is important for the side jobs such as this, as you never know who you are going to cooperate with.H

Final Essay Questions - Law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Final Questions - Law - Essay Example Both these scripts have almost similar concept that an offender should give â€Å"life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand and foot for foot†. Many old scripts and various religious dogmas have considered death penalty as an effective punishment and have justified that death penalty only can give greatest justice to the victim who has been murdered or killed. Arguments against the death penalty emerged only in 1700s, when few writers and philosophers including Italian scholar Cesare Beccaria began to question whether the death penalty is justice and ethical. They argued that capital punishment is unethical and barbaric. According to their arguments, killing a criminal makes a nation more brutal (Guernsey, 2009, p. 10). Crimes that are punishable by death are called capital punishment. Murder is the only capital crime many countries that apply death penalty. Child rape, treason, aircraft hijacking etc are also considered to be capital crimes in some countries. At the very forefronts of the debate of death penalty lies deterrence theory, that has long been a cornerstone that many researchers and scholars have used to argue for the death penalty. Deterrence theory have several times been quoted by judges, persecutors, officials and legal authoritative people to justify death penalty (Gerber and Johnson, 2007, p. 62). The basic consensus of the deterrence theory is that death penalty serves a general deterrence to crime. Based on studies, Mandery (2005, p. 49) concluded that there is wide consensus among America’s top criminologists that the death penalty does or it can reduce the rates of criminal violence among the society. People are more likely to be afraid of punishment. Strong punishment remains to be stronger shield for the criminals to get rid of their common criminal attitude. As Marzilli (2008, p. 21) observed, a strongest argument for the death penalty is its deterrence value that is based on common sense. People are afrai d of dying and hence people will be discouraged by the possibility of being sentenced to death for committing certain crimes that will cause them death. US Criminal Justice system has supported this straight forward logic. Almost all the people who were sentenced to death were appealing their sentence and this showed that they did not wish to die. Death penalty is morally correct because it is an effective method to provide the greatest justice for the victim and to alleviate the psychic pain of the victim’s family and relatives or friends etc. Alleviation of the psychic pain is more evident from family members and political followers etc. Death penalty circulates a moral statement to the public that there is a common behaviour that is more unacceptable to the community that one who indulges in killing, murdering or raping a child will be forfeited his right to live (Siegel, 2009, p. 513). When a criminal is killed by the law due to his criminal behaviour of killing others, t he community will be safe and the society will no longer be afraid of his mischief, and this supports the argument that death penalty is morally correct. Death penalty not only deters others people from doing such behaviors, but also saves community from people who are threats to social life as well. Rational Calculator Model Gerber and Johnson (2007, p. 63) found that supporters of the death penalty including Professor Pojman claims that death penal

Crime and Violence on Television and Its Impact on Wider Audiences Essay

Crime and Violence on Television and Its Impact on Wider Audiences - Essay Example An analysis of the media portrayals of crime and violence reveals that the phenomenon has been a critical component of television broadcasting, resulting in a widespread psychological impact on the minds of audiences that also extends to the incidence or occurrence of violent behavior. This paper will focus on comprehensively discussing the impact that depictions of crime and violence have had on the behavior of audiences. Specifically, the hypothesis presented in the paper asserts that viewing of violence and crime on television is positively correlated with an increase in violent behavior on the part of the audience. Additionally, the resources that are to be reviewed for the purposes of this paper will include, but are not limited to Centerwall (1992): Television and Violence, Philips (1983): The Impact of Mass Media on U.S Homicides and Kahlor and Eastin (2011): Television’s role in the culture violence towards women, David Bauder (Dec 21, 2012): Violence Baked into Popula r Culture and Savage, J. (2004): Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence?. In conclusion, the paper presents an evaluation of the preceding discussion. Gross and Gerbner (1981) assert that in the light of empirical evidence and researches, it is a plausible assertion to make, that violence on television shares a strong relationship with the occurrence of aggressive behavior in both adults and children, however, the scale of this impact appears to narrow. This research essentially defines the age group of the audience who is at a greater risk of being targeted by violent depictions in the media in comparison with other age groups. According to Huesmann et al. (2003) the results of a longitudinal study lasting from the period of 1977-1992 indicated that while, male children are more likely to show aggressive and violent behavior due to extensive viewing of violence-laden television, the chances of this behavior transitioning into adulthood are foreseeable for both th e sexes. The primary reasons governing the positive correlation between the viewing of violence on television and an increase in violent behavior on the part of the audience include; the audiences’ ability to relate to the characters portraying violence and the extent to which they are able to develop an association between the virtual world of television and reality (Huesmann et al. 2003). Savage (2004) notes that researchers need to recognize the distinction between aggressive behavior and violent crime when assessing the two consequences with regards to the viewership of violence-laden television, as an evaluation of extensive empirical evidence does not prove the hypothesis that television violence is responsible for causing an increase in criminal acts. On the contrary, Centerwell’s (1992) assessment of three geographical samples of U.S, Canada and South Africa concluded that for two participant nations out of the three, the introduction of television resulted in a drastic increase in the homicide rate, with a 93% rise reported in U.S and 92% increase observed in the number of homicides in Canada. With regards to the current scenario of the television industry, concerns have risen regarding the essentially positive portrayals of criminals in mainstream television. Showtime’s TV series Dexter has garnered a massive fan following and critical appraise but several factions of society have criticized the show’s main premise which encourages viewers to empathize with its protagonist Dexter Morgan who is employed as a bloodstain pattern analyst by Miami Metro but also masquerades as a serial killer. Bauder (2012) observes that the popularity of shows such as Dexter and Homeland is reflective of what the audience wants. A report by the Nielsen Company concluded that of the ten most watched prime-time shows of this season seven are based on themes of either crime or violence (Bauder 2012). Cummings (2011) reports at least three instanc es where alleged fans of the